:::
| 論文分類 | 碩士論文 |
|---|---|
| 學號 | 9225601 |
| 姓名 | 簡淑美 |
| 標題(中) | 機車排放懸浮微粒及多環芳香烴化合物粒徑分析研究 |
| 標題(英) | Size Distribution of Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Motorcycles |
| 指導教授 | 楊錫賢 |
| 畢業日期 | 2005-06 |
| 附件檔案 | |
| 參考連結 | http://ir.lib.cyut.edu.tw:8080/handle/310901800/1726 |
| 摘要 | 本研究探討機車尾氣排放懸浮微粒與多環芳香烴化合物(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHs) 粒徑分佈特性，二行程及四行程化油器引擎機車於動力計上以CNS 11386行車型態進行測試，排放廢氣經稀釋道稀釋後以微孔均勻沉積衝擊器 (Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposition Impactor MOUDI) 採樣，MOUDI篩選粒徑分為11階，各階層所收集之懸浮微粒樣品於恆溫恆濕的控制環境中秤重，秤重後濾紙經萃取、濃縮、淨化、再濃縮等處理步驟，以氣相層析 |
| 參考文獻 | Acevedo, S., Ranaudo, M.A., Gutiérrez, L.B., Escobar, G., “The PMO Method for Analysis of Structural Features of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Relevant to Asphaltenes,” Fuel, Vol. 75(9), pp. 1139-1144 (1996). Anderson, J.W., Jones, J.M., Steinert, S., Sanders, B., Means, J., McMillin, D., Vu, T., Tukey, R., “Correlation of CYP1A1 Induction, as Measured by the P450 RGS Biomarker Assay, with High Molecular Weight PAHs in Mussels Deployed at Various Sites in San Diego Bay in 1993 and 1995,” Marine Environmental Research, Vol. 48(4-5), pp. 389-405 (1999). Asikainen, A.H., Kuusisto, M.P., Hiltunen, M.A., Ruuskanen, J., “Occurrence and Destruction of PAHs, PCBs, ClPhs, ClBzs, and PCDD/Fs in Ash from Gasification of Straw,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 36(10), pp. 2193-2197 (2002). Bittner, J.D. and Howard J.B., ”In Particle Carbon: Formation During Combustion,” Plenum press, New York (1981). Bjørseth, A. and Ramahl, T., “Source and Emission of PAH,” Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Vol. 1, Marcel Dekker, New York and Basel (1985). Bonfanti, L., Lliberia, J.L., Pich-Santacana, M., “Production of N-alkanes and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coal Pyrolysis,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 44, pp. 89-99 (1997). Broz, J. and Grabic, R., “The Effect of Oils on PAH, PCDD, PCDF, and PCB Emissions from a Spark Engine Fueled with Leaded Gasoline,” Chemosphere, Vol. 41, pp. 1905-1911 (2000). Butkiewicz, D., Cole. K., Phillips, D., Harris, C., Chorazy, M., “GSTM1, GSTP1, CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 Polymorphisms in Lung Cancer Parients from an Environmentally Polluted Region of Poland: Correlation with Lung DNA Adduct Levels,” European Journal of Cancer, Vol. 8, pp. 315-323 (1999). Cadle, S.H., Mulawa, P., Groblicki, P. and Laroo, C., “In-Use Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicle Particulate Matter Emission on Three Driving Cycles,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 35, pp. 26-32 (2001). Chu, M. and Chen, C., “Evaluation and Estimation of Potential Carcinogenic Risks of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Paper Presented at the Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Workplace,” Pacific Rim Risk Conference, Honolulu (1984). Clemens Associates, Inc. (Clement). “Comparative Potency Approach for Estimatinf the Cancer Risk Associated with Exposure to Mixtures of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Interim Final Report),” Prepared for EPA under contract 68-02-4403, ICF-Clement Associates, Fairfax, VA (1986). De Lucas, A., Duran, A., Carmona, M., Lapuerta, M., “Modeling diesel particulate emissions with neural networks,” Fuel, Vol. 80, pp. 539-548 (2001). Dias, J.R., “Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Part A: Benzenoid Hydrocarbons,” Elsevier press, Amsterdam (1987). Drysdale, N.E. and Herron, N., “Polymerization of, and Depolymerization to Cyclic Ethers Using Selected Metal Compound Catalysts,” Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemica, Vol. 120, pp. 289 (1997). Ebert, L.B., “Polynclear Aromatic Compounds,” American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C (1988). Fang, G.C., Chang, K.F., Lu, C., Bai, H., “Estimation of PAHs Dry Deposition and BaP Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) Study at Urban, Industry Park and Rural Sampling Sites in Central Taiwan, Taichung,” Chemosphere, Vol. 55, pp. 787-796 (2004). Fernandez, P., Grimalt, J.O., Vilanova, R.M., “Atmospheric Gas-Particle Partitioning of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in High Mountain Regions of Europe,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 36(6), pp. 1162-1168 (2002). Freisen, F. and Arey, J., “Atmospheric Reactions Influence Seasonal PAH and Nitro-PAH Concentrations in the Los Angeles Basin,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 39, pp.64-73 (2005). Gabele, P.A., and Pyle, S.M., “Emissions from Two Outboard Engines Operating on Reformulated Gasoline Containing MTBE,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 34, pp. 368-372 (2000). Goss, K.U., “Adsorption of Organic Vapors on Polar Mineral Surfaces and on a Bulk Water Surface: Development of an Empirical Predictive Model,” Environmental Science & Technology, 28(4), pp. 640-645 (1994). Goss, K.U., “Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Sorption of Organic Vapor on Quartz Sand,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 26(11), pp. 2287-2294 (1992). Gravato, C. and Santos, M.A., “Juvenile Sea Bass Liver P450, EROD Induction, and Erythrocytic Genotoxic Responses to PAH and PAH-like Compounds,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 51(2), pp. 115-127 (2002). Grimmer, G., Naujack, K.W., Schreider, D., “Changes in PAH Profiles in Different Areas of a City During the Year. In Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Chemistry and Biological Effects,” Battelle Press, Columbus, pp. 107-125 (1983). Harvey, R.G., “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data, Wiley-VCH, Inc., Canada (1997). Ikeda Y, Nakajima T., Sher E., “Air Pollution from Small Two-Stroke Engines and Technologies to Control It,” In Handbook of Air Pollution from Internal Combustion Engines. Pollutant Formation and Control, 1998 (edited by Sher, E.). Jaroszczyk, T., Wake, J., Connor, M.J., “Factors Affecting the Performance of Engine Air Filters,” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 115, pp. 693-699 (1993). Jonathan, O.A., Mayo, R.O., Hughes, S.L., Lynn, G.S. and Glen R.C., “Emission of Size-Segregated Aerosols from On-Road Vehicles in the Caldcott Tunnel,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 35(21), pp. 4189-4197 (2001). Jongeneelen, F.J., “Methods for Routine Biological Monitoring of Carcinogenic PAH-Mixtures,” The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 199(1-2), pp. 141-149 (1997). Joumard, R., André, M., Vidon, R., Tassel, P., Pruvost, C., “Influence of Driving Cycles on Unit Emissions from Passenger Cars,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 34, No. 27 pp. 4621-4628 (2000). Junge, C.E., “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 14, pp. 7-8 (1980). Kahandawala, S.P., Graham, J. L.Sidhu, S. S., “Impact of Lubricating Oil on Particulates Formed During Combustion of Diesel Fuel - A Shock Tube Study,” Fuel, Vol. 83(13), pp. 1829-1835 (2004). Kalberlah, F., Frijus-Plessen, N., Hassauer, M., “Toxicological Criteria for the Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Existing Cjemical. Part 1: the Use of Equivalent Factors,” Altlasten-Spektum, Vol. 5, pp. 231-237 (1995). Kalser, E.W., Slegl, W.O., Cotton, D.F., Anderson, R.W., “Effect of Fuel Structure on Emissions from a Spark-Ignlted Engine. 2.Naphthene and Aromatic Fuels,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 26(8), pp. 1581-1586 (1992). Kamens, R.M., “Evaluation of the Mutagen City of Combustion Particles from Several Common Biomass Fuel in the Ames/Salmonella Micro Some Test,” Mutation Research, Vol. 245, pp. 177-183 (1990). Kamens, R.M., Guo, Z., Fulcher, J.N., Bell, D.A., “Influence of Humidity, Sunliht, and Temperature on the Daytime Decay of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons on Atmospheric Soot Particles,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 22(1), pp. 103-108 (1988). Kawanak, Y., Matsumot, E., Sakamot, Kazuhiko., Wang N., Yun, S.J., “Size Distribution of Mutagenic Compound and Mutagenicity in Atmospheric Particulate Matter Collected with a Low-Pressure Cascade Impactor,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, pp. 2125-2132 (2004). Kepley, C.L., Lauer, F.T., Oliver, J.M., Burchiel, S.W., “Environmental Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, benzo(a) pyrene (BaP) and BaP-quinones, Enhance IgE-mediated Histamine Release and IL-4 Production in Human Basophils,” Clinical Immunology, Vol. 107, pp. 10-19 (2003). Kerminen V.M., MÄKELÄ T.E., Ojanen C.H., Hillamo R.E., Vilhunen J.K., Rantanen L., Haver N., Bohlen A.V. and Klockow, D., “Characterization of the Particulate Phase in the Exhaust from a Diesel Car,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 31 pp. 1883-1889 (1997). Kerry, E.K., Wagner, D.A., Lighty, J.K., Sarofim, A.F., Rogers. C.F., Sagebiel, J., Zielinska, B., Arnott. W.P., Palmer, Glenn, P., “Characterization of Exhaust Particles from Military Vehicles Fueled with Diesel, Gasoline, and JP-8,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 53, pp. 273-282 (2003). Kittelson, D.B., “Engine and Nanoparticles: A Revivew,” Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 29 (5/6), pp. 575-588 (1998). Kittelson, D.B., Watts, W.F., Johnson, J.P., “Nanoparticle Emissions on Minnesota Highways,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, pp. 9-19 (2004). Klaassen, C.D., “Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons,” New Yourk Mc-Graw-Hill Companies Inc., (1996). Kleeman, M.J., Schauer, J.J., Cass, G.R., “Size and Composition Distribution of Fine Particulate Matter Emitted from Motor Vehicle,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 34(7), pp. 1132-1142 (2000). Kolb, C.E., Herndon, S.C., Mcmaus, J.B., Shorter, J.H., Zahniser, M.S., Nelson, D.D., Jayen, J.T., Canagaratna, M.R., Worsnop, D.R., “Mobile Laboratory with Rapid Response Instruments for Real-Time Measurement of Urban and Regional Trace Gas and Particulate Distributions and Emission Source Characteristics,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 38(21), pp. 5694-5703 (2004). Lane, D.A., “The Fate of Polycyclic Aromatic Compound in the Atmoshere and During Sampling,” In Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, John & Wiley, New York, pp. 31 (1989). Lasen, J.C., Lssen, P.B., “Chemical carsinogens ln: Air Pollution and Health (Hester RE, Harrison RM eds),” Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, pp. 33-56 (1998). Lehrle, R.S., Place, E.J., “Degradation Mechanisms of Poly(methyl acrylate)-I. An Assessment of the Participation of Random Chain Scissions,” Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 56, pp. 215-219 (1997). Leonardi A., Burtscher H., Siegmann H.C., “Size-Dependent Measurement of Aerosol Photoemission from Particles in Diesel Exhaust,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 26(18), pp. 3287-3290 (1992). Li, C.K., and Kamens, R.M., “The Use of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as Source Signatures in Receptors Modeling,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 27A, pp. 523-532 (1993). Mahadevan, B., Marston, C.P., Dashwood, W.M., Li, Y., Pereira, C., Baird, W.M., “Effect of a Standardized Complex Mixture Derived from Coal Tar on the Metabolic Activation of Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Cells in Culture,” Chemical Research in Toxicology, Vol. 18(2), pp. 224-231 (2005). Malcolm, H.M and Dobson, S., “The Calculation of an Environmental Assessmet Level (EAL) for Atmospheric PAHs Using Relative Potencies,” Department of the Environment, London, UK, pp.34-46 (1994). Marr, L.C. and Grogan, L.A., Wőhrnschimmel, H., Molina, L.T., and Molina, M.J., “Vehicle Traffic as a Source of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 38(9), pp. 2584-2592 (2004). Marr, L.C., Kirchstetter T.W., Harley, R.A., Miguel, A.H., Hering, S.V., Hammond, S.K., “Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Motor Vehicle Fuels and Exhaust Emissions,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 33, pp. 3091-3099 (1999). Mascolo, G., Rausa, R., Mininni, G., Tinucci, L., ”The Gas Phase Decomposition of Synthetic Lubricants Under Pyrolytic Conditions,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysi, Vol. 71, pp. 165-178 (2004). Massimo, C., Maria, V. P., Vittorio R., Maurizia, S., Adolfo, S., Sandra, V., “Brassica Carinata as an Alternative Oil Crop for the Production of Biodiesel in Italy: Engine Performance and Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 36(21), pp. 4656-4662 (2002). Mastral, A.M., Callén, M.S., “A Review on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Emissions from Energy Generation,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 34(15), pp. 3051-3057 (2000). Mastral, A.M., Callén, M.S., Mayoral, C., Galbán, J., “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from Fluidized Bed Combustion of Coal,” Fuel, Vol. 74, pp. 1762-1766 (1995). Menzie, C.A., Potocki, B.B., Santodonato, J., “Exposure to Carcinogenic PAHs in the Environment,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 26(2), pp. 1278-1284 (1992). Miguel, A.H., Kirchstetter, T.W., Harley, R.A., “On-Road Emissions of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Black Carbon from Gasoline and Diesel Vehicle,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 32(4), pp. 450-455 (1998). Muller, P., “Scientific Criteria Document for Multimedia Dyandards Development Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs); Part 1: Hazard Identification and Dose-Response Assessment,” Ontario, CN: Standard Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy, (1997). Nadon, L. and Siemiatycki, J., “Cancer Risk Due to Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs),” AMA Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, Vol. 28, pp. 303-324 (1995). Nisbet, C. and LaGoy, P., “Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs),” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 16, pp. 290-300 (1992). Pankow, J.F. and Bidleman, T.F., “Effects of Temperature, TSP and Percent Non-Exchangeable Material in Determining the Gas-Particle Partitioning of Organic Compounds,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 25A, pp. 2241-2249 (1994). Perkins, H.C.原著，『空氣污染』，高立出版社，台北 (1995)。 Petry, T., Schmid, P., Schlatter, C., “The Use of Toxic Equivalency Factors in Assessing Occupational and Environmental Health Risk Associated with Exposure to Airborne Mixtures of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs),” Chemosphere Vol. 32, pp. 639-648 (1996). Pulkrabek, W.W.原著，『內燃機』，高立出版社，台北 (1999)。 Ralph, G.S., Key, M.M., and Blair, D.R., “Industrial Toxicology in Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene 3rd Ed.,” Mason Archives of Environmental Health, Vol.1(359), (1988). Ramesh K.S., Mohammad R.H., “Effect of Pyrolysis Conditions on the Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Polyphenolic Compounds,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 66, pp. 123- 144 (2003). Rhead, M.M., Hardy, S.A, “The Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Diesel Engine Emissions,” Fuel, Vol. 82, pp. 385-393 (2003). Rogge, W.F., “Molecular Tracers for Siurces of Atmospheric Carbon Particles: Measurements and Model Predictions,” Ph.D. Thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena (1993). Rogge, W.F., Hlldemann L.M., Mazurek, M.A., Cass, G.R., “Sources of Fine Organic Aerosol. 2.Noncatalyst and Catalyst-Equipped Automobiles and Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 27(4), pp. 636-651 (1993). Shi, J.P., Harrison, R.M., Brear, F., “Particle size distribution from a modern heavy duty diesel engine,” The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 235, pp. 305-317 (1999). Shi, J.P., Evans, A.A., Harrison M., “Sources and Concentration of Nanoparticles (<10 nm diameter) in the Unban Atmosphere,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol 35, pp. 1193-1202 (2001). Shimizu, Y., Nakatsuru, Y., Ichinose, M., Takah.ashi, Y., Kume, H., Mimura, J., Fujii-Kuriyama, Y., Ishikawa, T., “Benzo(a)pyrene Carsinogenicity is Lost in Mice Lacking the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor,” Proceeding of National Acadenuc Science, USA, pp. 779-782 (2000). Siemiatycki, J., Fritschi, L., Nadon, L., Gerin, M., “Reliability of an Expert Rating Procedure for Retrospective Assessment of Occupational Exposures in Community-Based Case-Control Studies,” Occupational Health and Industrial Medicine, Vol. 36(5), pp. 195 (1997). Soontjens, C.D., Holmberg, K., Westerholm, R.N. and Rafter, J.J., “Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Diesel Exhaust Particulate Extract Responsible for Aryl Hrdrocarbon Recetor Activity,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 31, pp. 219-225 (1997). Stone, R., “Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines,” Macmillan Press LTD, pp. 162-164 (1999). Tancell, P.J., Rhead, M.M., Trier C.J., Bell, M.A., Fussey, D.E., “The Sources of Benzo[a]pyrene in Diesel Exhaust Emissions,” The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 162, pp. 179-186 (1995). Thorslund, T. and Farrer, D., “Development of Relative Potency Estimated for PAHs and Hydrocarbon Combustion Product Fractions Compared to Benzo(a)pyrene and Their Use in Carcinogenic Risk Assessments,” U.S. Environmental Protection Administration (EPA), Washington DC (1990). Tsai, P.J., Shieh, H.Y., Lee, W.J., Lai, S.O., “Health-Risk Assessment for Workers Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a Carbon Black Manufacturing Industry,” The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 278, pp.137-150 (2001). Tuominen, J., Salomaa, S., Pyysalo, H., Skyttä, E., Tikkanen, L., Nurmela, T., Sorsa, M., Pohjola, V., Sauri, M. and Himberg, K., “Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds and Genotoxicity in Particulate and Vapor Phases of Ambient Air: Effect of Traffic, Season, and Meteorological Conditions,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol, 22(10), pp. 1228-1234 (1988). Tuppurainen, K., Asikainen, A., Ruokojarvi, P., Ruuskanen, J., “Perspectives on the Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans during Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incineration and Other Combustion Processes,” Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 36(9), pp. 652-658 (2003). USEPA, “Locating and Estimating Air Emission from Sources of Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM),” EPA-45014-84-007 (1987). Vaaraslahti, K., Virtanen, A., Ristimaki, J., Keskinen, J., “Nucleation Mode Formation in Heavy-Duty Diesel Exhaust with and without a Particlate Filter,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 38(18), pp. 4884-4890 (2004). Venkataraman, C. and Friedlander, S.K., “Size Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Elemental Carbon.1. Sampling Measurement Methods, and Source Characterization,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 28(4), pp. 563-572 (1994). Venkataraman, C., Lyons, J.M., Friedlander, S.K., “Size Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Elemental Carbon.2. Ambient Measurement and Effects of Atmospheric Processes,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 28(4), pp. 555-562 (1994). Venkataraman, C., Negi G., Sardar, N.B., Rastogi, R., “Size Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aerosol Emissions from Biofuel Combustion,” Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol.33, pp. 503-518 (2002). Westerholm R.N. and Egeback K., “Exhaust Emission from Light- and Heavy-duty Vehicles: Chemical Composition, Impact of Exhaust after Treatment, and Fuel Parameters,” Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 102 (13), pp. 13-23 (1994). Westerholm, R., Christensen, A., Tornqvist, M., Ehrenberg, L., Rannug, U., Sjogren, M., Rafter, J., Soontjens, C., Almen, J., Gragg, K., “Comparison of Exhaust Emissions from Swedish Environmental Classified Diesel Fuel (MK1) and European Program on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies (EPEFE) Reference Fuel: A Chemical and Biological Characterization, with Viewpoints on Cancer Risk, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 35(9), pp. 1748-1754 (2001). Westerholm, R.N., Jacob, A., Li, H., Rannug, R.Å., “Exhaust Emissions from Gasoline-Fuelled Light Duty Vehicles Operated in Different Driving Conditions: a Chemical and Biological Characterization,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 26B(1), pp. 79-90 (1992). Zielinska, B., Sagebiel, J., Arnott, W.P., Rogers, C.F., Kelly, K.E., Wagner, D.A., Lighty, J.S., Sarofim, A.F., Palmer, G., “Phase and Size Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Diesel and Gasoline Vehicle Emissions,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 38(9), pp. 2557-2567 (2004). 行政院交通部統計處，『中華民國交通統計月報』，(2005)。 林志峰，『屏東縣機車行車型態與排放係數之調查研究』，碩士論文，屏東科技大學，屏東 (2001)。 林俊毅、林智仁、張章堂、林文印、陳志傑，『二行程與四行程機車粒狀污染物排放特性之研究』，第八屆氣膠科技研討會論文集，雲林縣 (2000)。 陳泓璋，『台灣中部地區機車污染排放特性與差異之研究』，碩士論文，中興大學，台中 (2000)。 陳維新、江金龍，『空氣污染與控制』，高立出版社，台北 (2000)。 彭柏鈞，『都會區機車行車型態與空氣污染物排放特性之調查』，碩士論文，成功大學，台南 (2003)。 黃惠輝，『二行程引擎噴油與燃燒技術 (一)』，燃燒季刊，第十期，第 12-16 頁 (1994)。 楊錫賢，『大氣環境中多環芳香烴化合物與金屬元素之特徵』，博士論文，成功大學環境工程學系，台南 (1998)。 董育秀，『食用油煙萃取物 (COF) 及Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) 對人類肺腺癌細胞株基因表現之影響』，碩士論文，中山醫學院，台中 (1999)。 廖永生，『人類肺癌組織及細胞株中多環芳香烴受器Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor, Ah-Receptor Nuclear Translocator和Cytochrome P4501A1之表現情形』，碩士論文，中山醫學院，台中 (2000)。 薛天山，『內燃機』，全華出版社，台北 (1993)。 簡維政，『汽車排氣中PAHs之特性及其排放特徵中碳成分關係之探討』，碩士論文，屏東技術學院，屏東 (1996)。 |
